Valarie Findlay holds a Masters in Sociology from University of Leicester and a Masters in Terrorism Studies from the University of St. Andrew's and her dissertation, "The Impact of Terrorism on the Transformation of Law Enforcement", examined the transformation of law enforcement in Western Nations. She is a research fellow for the Police Foundation (USA) and has two decades of senior expertise in developing strategies, frameworks and risk assessment approaches for cyber-security, policing, military and government departments. Currently, she is preparing her doctoral thesis on terrorism as a social phenomenon. She can be contacted at: vfindlay@humanled.com